Role Of The Military During Medieval Europe - 1229 Words

Cleeve Harper Mr. VanGronigen Western Civilization November 18th, 2014 The Role of the Military in Medieval Europe Research Essay In my research essay, I will write about the role of the military in medieval Europe and will outline what the military were like and how they were established and organized. I will show how the military were connected to the government structure. I will also write about the technological and strategic advances that the military made during the medieval ages and how those had an impact on the role of the military today. In medieval Europe, the role and organization of the military was based upon the system of government that was in place. During medieval times, most societies in Europe were feudal and governed based on the social class of the people. The King, the monarch, was at the top of the social structure and had control over his entire country. The king controlled all the land and all the people. In order to keep control of the people and his entire kingdom, the king had layers of social classes of people under him. The Barons or Lords controlled the lands given to them by the king. Knights provided military service to the king and were also given land in exchange for their service. Patronage was important to keep the king’s followers supportive and in line. During medieval times, the majority of people had no rights and were extremely poor. People were mostly peasants who were made to work under the lords and toShow MoreRelatedThe Crusades During The Middle Ages1152 Words   |  5 PagesMiddle Ages. The Crusades helped Medieval Europe to flourish and grow out of the Dark Ages. The Crusades affected daily life and caused major effects in political, economical and cultural Medieval Europe. The first Crusade was gaining control over the Holy Land, but the later Crusades were fights over regaining land. The Byzantine Empire fell during the fourth Crusade after an attack on their capital, Constantinople, took place. Trade routes opened through Europe because of traveling between crusadingRead MoreMedieval Kings and Popes Essay658 Words   |  3 Pagesbelievers. For military aid and expansion, early popes looked to medieval kings like Clovis of the Franks, but by the time of Charlemagne’s coronation by Pope Leo III, it became questionable whether the pope or the king was the higher authority. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Europe was decentralized with the development of feudalism, and this allowed the only unifying establishment, the Church, to become more powerful. Though the Pope and medieval kings originally held separate roles, with the riseRead MoreHow Truth Was Defined By Medieval Europeans1696 Words   |  7 PagesEric Green Urban British Literature 1st 3 December 2015 How Truth Was Defined By Medieval Europeans In life majority of people believe telling the truth is the correct way of living. Truth has endured the world throughout time and is seemingly unanswerable to those who do not understand it because this subject appears in every culture. Truth goes along with universal questions such as what is beauty, justice, and power. And love but none have a direct answer because they are all dependent onRead MoreMedieval Warfare And The Middle Ages1142 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the Middle Ages, particularly 1200 – 1500 CE, medieval warfare was prominent within society. Medieval warfare is the warfare of the Middle Ages. In Europe, technological, cultural, and social developments had forced a dramatic transformation in the character of warfare from antiquity, changing military tactics and the role of cavalry and artillery. Warfare was an essential part of the Medieval European society, as they would often go on raids and siege castles to diminish their enemies’ forcesRead MoreDi fferent Cultures Within The Same Time Period During The Middle Ages889 Words   |  4 Pagesdifferent cultures within the same time period during the middle Ages there needs to be a clear contrast between the two. In the Western Middle Ages where the emergence of lords and vassals came about there was sworn loyalty by vassals to their lords of whom took care of them. In return the vassals would serve, protect and honor their lords. Therefore the mutual obligations of lords and vassals was to honor one another. Vassals doing so with their military services to protect the lord and his familyRead MoreThe Roman Catholic Church in Medieval Times Essay1295 Words   |  6 Pages In the Medieval times, the Roman Catholic Church played a great role in the development of England and had much more power than the Church of today does. In Medieval England, the Roman Catholic Church dominated everyday life and controlled everyone whether it is knights, peasants or kings. The Church was one of the most influential institutions in all of Medieval England and played a large role in education and religion. The Churchs power was so great that they could order and control knightsRead MoreTo What Extent Did Feudalism Affect the Societies in the Middle Ages?1518 Words   |  7 Pagesfeudalism affect the societies in the Middle Ages? Plan of Investigation The investigation assesses the significance of the feudal system in the middle ages. In order to evaluate the feudal system’s significance, the investigation evaluates each role of the social classes in a Middle Ages society. This includes the kings, nobles and lords, knights, and peasants and serfs. Articles and secondary sources are mostly used to evaluate the feudal system’s significance. Two of the sources used in thisRead MoreThe Rise and Fall of Feudalism770 Words   |  4 Pagesdecentralized political system, flourished in Medieval Europe. In this essay, the main political and economic characteristics of Feudalism will be mentioned, while discussing the main historical factors to the rise and fall of feudalism. The rise of Feudalism was a direct result of insecurity that caused by several significant historical factors. At first, the collapse of Roman Empire that led to prolonged unrest and power struggles was essentially a reason for why Europe was divided into many small statesRead MoreThe Role Of Monastic And The Problem Of Christian Conversions For Pagan Societies1286 Words   |  6 Pagespagan societies in Europe during the early Medieval period of Europe. The purpose of European monasteries was to act in accordance with the Church of Rome’s policy to preserve Roman traditions in government and Christian practices in primarily pagan tribal communities. During this time, the primary writings of St. Benedict define the purpose of the monastery to spread Christianity as a source of religious power throughout Europe. More so, the role of monastic culture in Europe society defines theRead MoreAsian Governmental Style Of The Western Zhou Government Essay1154 Words   |  5 Pagesthe Zhou king never possessed a â€Å"vassalage† relationship in feudal governing, since he was considered separate from his â€Å"subjects† as a divine ruler. This approach is considered from the perspective of the king, regional rulers, regional states, military ranking, and the Fengjian mechanisms of a centralized government. This article analysis will present the major differences between the â€Å"feudal† depiction of Western Zhou and the more appropriate Fenjian method of Feng’s (2003) analysis of this style

Challenges and Strategies of Matrix - 7784 Words

Challenges and Strategies of Matrix Organizations: Top-Level and Mid-Level Managers’ Perspectives Thomas Sy, College of Business Administration, California State University, Long Beach; Laura Sue D’Annunzio, A.T. Kearney Inc. U sing surveys, inter- views, and workshops with 294 toplevel and mid-level managers from seven major multinational corporations in six industries, we identified the top five contemporary challenges of the matrix organizational form: (1) misaligned goals, (2) unclear roles and responsibilities, (3) ambiguous authority, (4) lack of a matrix guardian, and (5) silo-focused employees. We also provide managers with the best practices that will improve their matrix organizations. Interest in†¦show more content†¦The matrix also can require more managerial and administrative support at a time when companies appear to be cutting back. Although all matrix forms have inherent flaws, CEOs adopt the matrix because they believe the strengths outweigh the flaws. Matrix organizations are adopted for four primary reasons (Burns Wholey, EXHIBIT 2 Matrix Strengths and Weaknesses STRENGTHS businesses as evidenced by its proliferation in a variety of industries, such as aerospace, automotive, banking, chemical, communications, computer, defense, electronics, financial, energy (Davis Lawrence, 1977; Galbraith, 2000). The continued proliferation associated with the use of the matrix confirms a need for information on the challenges and best practices. In this article, we report the findings of our research on contemporary issues of the matrix. To date, few studies have examined the human side of the matrix (some exceptions are Bartlett Ghoshal, 1990; Lawrence, et al., 1977). Most topics on the matrix focus on its structure and its variant forms (e.g., Goold Campbell, 2002), rather than the human side—issues concerned with managing and operating in the matrix. In this study, we focused on the human side of the matrix as the findings provide actionable steps that managers can implement to improve the functioning of their organizations. We begin with a brief overview of the matrix. We then identify the top five challengesShow MoreRelatedHBS General Motors essay786 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿What are the challenges of managing a matrix organization like GM’s basketweave? How has GM chosen to address these challenges? GM’s basketweave structure fits into a simultaneous organization structure perfectly. The purpose of implementing this matrix structure is to achieving both differentiation and integration within different regional segments and also within functional units. 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Presented in the play Essay Example For Students

Presented in the play Essay Mr Hale begins by examining the girls who are still in a trance for signs of the devil. The first girl he examines is Betty Parriss then he asks to see Ruth Putnam. Whilst seeing Ruth Putnam he asks the people in the room if there had been any unusual behaviour and Reverend Parriss tells him what he saw in the woods and who he saw including his niece Abigail and his daughter Betty. Of course Abigail who is in the room is questioned about the events of that evening and she just tries to explain that they were dancing, dancing was not allowed but did not hold the penalty of death. When it appears that Mr Hale is becoming more concerned about the soup they were making and a frog jumping into the soup Abigail realizes that she could be in deep trouble. All the girls were brought to the church to be questioned by Mr Hale and when Mr Hale asked if there was a casting of spells Mary Warren points at Abigail and Abigail denies casting any spells and blames Tituba. All the blame is now being laid on this poor black girl who was at no more fault than any of the other girls seen in the woods. Abigail says that all the spells cast were from Tituba and this puts Tituba in a terrible position she also has to find a way out of. To get out of this dangerous situation Tituba admits that the devil is with her but Mr Hale says Tituba is the eyes of God and it is at this point that things take a dramatic turn for the worse. Tituba starts naming people she has seen with the devil Sarah Good, Goody Osbourn When this name is mentioned Mrs Putnam who has three dead children now blames Goody Osbourn for the loss of these children as she was the midwife. Suddenly Betty wakes and names George Jacobs as being with the devil and also Goody Howe with the devil and Martha Bellows. They carry on screaming names out not realizing what terrible problems will occur because of this. The girls now see their way out of being condemned as witches, all they have to do is say they have seen other people with the devil and that they are the eyes of God. John Proctor is told of the imprisonment of many women from Salem and he cannot believe that so many women have been put into jail. His wife tells him that Abigail is apparently the most afflicted of all the girls. The scenes in the film show John and his wife speaking as equals to one another. John tells his wife that Abigail told him exactly what went on in the woods and Goody Proctor tells him he must go to the court and tell the judges just what Abigail has said but John knows that when Abigail told him these things they were alone and it will be difficult to prove. There is a lot of tension between John and his wife with regard to what happened between John and Abigail and their story is really only the same as a story today of adultery and a wife forgiving but not forgetting what has happened. Many judges have been brought in to Salem to judge the accused. The ladies have to confess to being witches and if they do so they will not hang. This must be very very difficult for the accused because they have to admit to something that they are not and be branded a witch for life. .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .postImageUrl , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:hover , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:visited , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:active { border:0!important; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:active , .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ub6018f2dec41900f986b085059c918ca:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Tartuffe – A Monologue From The Play By Moliere Essay Research PaperWe also see at this time Putnam having heated arguments with both John Proctor and Mr Jacobs with regard to land lines. Eventually Mr Jacobs is also branded a witch by Ruth Putnam which shows how the village as a whole was using this witch hunt to get back at people who they hated. Now we see a servant of the Proctors, Mary Warren who is going every day to the witch trials and John is very annoyed with her for doing so. Mary Warren tells the Proctors that she has to go to court as she is an official and she informs Goody Proctor that she has been accused of being a witch but that this had been dismi ssed by the court. She presents Goody Proctor with a little rag doll she has made whilst sitting in court. Mary Warren will not tell the Proctors who accused Goody Proctor of being a witch. Goody Proctor is aware that it is Abigail who has accused her of witchcraft, she knows and it was apparent to me that Abigail was trying to find a way of getting rid of Johns wife. In reality Abigail knows that Goody Proctor does not lie and will not admit to being a witch and will therefore hang.

Know Why You Believe Essays - Christian Philosophy,

Know Why You Believe Paul E. Little Book Critique This book was a very well balanced look at one of the greatest problems with the Church today; the fact that most Christians know that they believe... but they don't know why they believe. It covered topics such as is there a God? Did Christ really rise from the dead? Is the Bible God's holy word? If God loves us so much, then why does he allow suffering and evil? And the mother taboo of them all, Is this whole thing even rational? Little takes on some of the most undesirable subjects in Christianity. More importantly he not only exposes them for the fallacies which they are but also shows us why we should believe, that God is God and their is no other, that Christ rose from the dead and paid for our sins, that God's word is holy and eternal, that God loves us so much that he gave us the right to obey or disobey him and had we obeyed him there would be no suffering or evil, and that God's ways are indeed above mans ways and why a lot of this may not make sense to him it is not irrational or illogical that there is a God and he loves us. It's not so much that we can't believe, but that we don't want to believe. This book is a shot right between the eyes to all the silent doubts that have plagued the Church and it's teaching for so many years. Its not enough for us to simply show up for church anymore, but know why were their. That's what has been wrong with the church for so many years, the world looks at us and asks us "how can you worship a God, that allowed my baby to be born blind" or "you can't see God or touch or hear him, why then do you believe in him?" or how do you know that Christ rose from the dead, where you there?" And many other questions that challenge our beliefs. The church has heard these questions for many years and has given them the same answers for many years. "according to the word of God..." "In my personal walk with God, I have found..." The same answers were given to us when we asked these questions, they made sense to us and we believed. However the world still says that these answers are unsatisfactory and that they don't make sense to them. If they believed in your God then they would believe in his word and would believe in your walk with him. But they don't believe in any of that. And we allow that to bother us, we don't understand why we believe and why they don't. But we've never stopped and thought that maybe when we heard these answers we wanted to believe. We wanted to have some justification for our faith. And when the world hears these answers it's not that they don't make sense to them, it's that they don't want it to make sense to them. This book is a great help in understanding that. If they acknowledge that your God is real, then they must acknowledge that they are living in sin. To allot of people this is the true problem and the real reason why they won't believe. This insight is vital to understanding that what you believe is indeed the eternal truth of God and that that the world refuses to acknowledge God because it means that they must acknowledge their sin. This book takes a very accurate look at this. This was a very open look at the rational of faith it was very biblically sound making full use of the scripture and also of personal experience. I would highly recommend it to any Christian that has ever wondered " what if ". I found this book to be fair and open about some of the most ignored issues in the Christian walk. In my personal life I was introduced to Christianity through my mother. In my house my mothers word was law and if she said to pray to god then you prayed to God, and didn't stop until she said it

The dubious history

The dubious history of the heredity environment controversy can be easily traced as far back as the start of the present century with at least some historical evidence placing the roots of this dispute in the time of John Locke. This controversy has continued despite continual reiteration that the critical question is not how much of a trait is due to heredity and how much is due to environment, but rather how environment transact to influence development. This paper will focus on the nature/nurture controversy and the extent to which an individuals intellectual level is determined either by inborn intelligence or by environmental factors. Psychologists and biologists striving to determine how heredity and environment influence the development of intelligence have actively pursed the relative powers of nature and nurture. Before we can go on to discuss the relationships between intelligence and the controversy that exists between the different schools of thought r! egarding inherited or environmental issues we must have an understanding of what intelligence really is. Of all the words used in pressed day psychology, intelligence is one of the most difficult to define and is also one of the most controversial. There is however, a general agreement that intelligence refers to the overall faculties of the mind which concern themselves with the sorting of information in the brain after it has been received by the senses, the perceiving of relationships between this new data and information which is already in memory, and the capacity to make rapid and appropriate decisions as a result of the previous processes. The intellectual faculties of the brain are dynamic and interactive and relate to the capacity of the central nervous system to respond speedily and appropriately in a rapidly changing and potentially threatening environment. Raymond J. Corsini provides us with a somewhat more simplistic definition of the ter...

5 Steps to Quitting the Right Way

5 Steps to Quitting the Right Way Sometimes it’s just time to part ways from a job that is no longer working out. It’s time for you to take your job to a nice dinner, and break the news gently: â€Å"It’s not you, it’s me.† (Okay, let’s be honest: it’s always â€Å"you.†) If you’ve just plain reached the end of your patience and/or have a shiny new job waiting for you, there are ways to exit gracefully so that you can move on to the next opportunity with no regrets. Determine whether you really want to quitIf you’re angry over a particular ongoing situation, or you find that your dread and anxiety about work are dragging down the rest of your daily life, think long and hard about what quitting would mean. If you don’t yet have another job lined up, are you financially able to support yourself while you hunt for another one? It can be very tempting to bolt when things aren’t going well at work, but make sure you’ve put a lot of thought into whether this is truly quit-worthy, and that your overall well-being is served by leaving the position.Figure out whether you can fix the problem firstAgain, impulse quitting can be a very appealing option. Ask yourself questions like, â€Å"Is this situation likely to resolve soon if I don’t quit?† and â€Å"Are there any steps I can take to fix the situation without drastic measures?† If possible, talk things over with your supervisor. Let him or her know that you’re not happy with the way things are going, and you’d like to find a way to resolve that. There may be options available that you’re not aware of in the moment, when everything seems awful.Give noticeIf quitting is indeed the way to go (or you’ve got a better opportunity lined up), make sure you give an appropriate amount of notice. In most cases, that’s about two weeks. Your company may have a different policy, though, so double check with your HR depar tment if possible. If you’re breaking the news to your boss in person, make sure you follow up the conversation with a professional email that outlines your resignation and your end date.Be ready to train your replacementYour departure could leave a bit of a vacuum for your colleagues, especially if you have crucial tasks and responsibilities that affect others. Work with your soon-to-be-former boss to determine what the needs are for the post-you workplace. That could mean showing other coworkers the ropes on particular processes, or even training your replacement if your company is able to line one up before you leave.Don’t burn bridgesThe most important part of all: be gracious on your way out the door, regardless of the circumstances. This is especially true if you’re staying in the same field. You never know who’s connected on LinkedIn, or who were interns together ages ago and still meet for monthly drinks. A little graciousness lets you leave your current situation (no matter how lousy) and enter your new one without baggage- because who needs that kind of negativity? Sometimes jobs just don’t work out, and it’s not worth risking damage to your professional reputation to go all scorched-earth on your current workplace.

Diversity Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Diversity Exercise - Essay Example While I watched the movie I believe that I would not bring myself to do most of the cruel things that people did in the movie. I would not have the courage to harm my fellow countryman. I had mixed emotions such as sadness for the citizens of Rwanda who were made to fight each other, and anger for the way the police treated them and for those who killed others. Looking at the Tutsi who were the minority, and were chased from their homes, killed and tortured, I thought they had every right to retaliate even though they were the minority. I learnt that there is the need for care when handling people around you, whether a stranger or a familiar person. Simon Birch is based on a young boy born with a growth disability. From watching the movie, I learnt that self belief is important and everything that happens happens for a reason. Looking at the character of Simon Birch, he made me realize that am sympathetic but also realistic by how he still managed to enjoy his early life by being funny, going swimming, and playing baseball. The movie made me believe that there is God. Initially, I thought that most disabled people are sad, hopeless and cannot do anything to help themselves and the people around them. However, this changed after watching the movie ans saw how Simon birch once saved children from a sinking bus. That made me look at the disabled people different, as people who can also do amazing things. The movie made me respect the disabled, while interacting with them give them credit and believe in them. Companies should give equal opportunities to individuals concentrating on their merit and not their race, tribe, nationality, religion or condition. In the United States, there are 36 million people with disabilities representing 12% of the civilian non-institutionalized population. 34% of disabled citizens in the U.S are working, their median earnings are approximately $18,865 compared to the able

Discussion - MKT 571 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Discussion - MKT 571 - Assignment Example Novartis innovation was one that resulted into remarkable improvement in the service delivery in the heath sector. Through the computerized system, malaria drug availability could be determined in order to avoid shortages in the sellers’ shelves. The unique and complex alliance formed between the business and other strategic partners ensured efficient communication and coordination that ensured its success. What needs to be answered is: How did Novartis manage to succeed in with the multiple alliances? What strategies did it pursue to gain effectiveness? Most businesses succeed because of introducing new products that are in demand in the market. However, in achieving sales growth and surging profitability, colossal sum of money is required in research and development and therefore the investment decision must be comprehensively analyzed. An innovative business model is essential for successful introduction of the innovative product (Hutt & Speh, 2009). This could involve forward, backward or changing the governance structure. Innovation plays a key role in business and organizational success (Hutt & Speh, 2009). Introduction of both services and goods demands considerable adjustment in the business model and effectiveness in the formation strategic

Theories Of Representation Essay Example for Free

Theories Of Representation Essay They say two heads are better than one and I suppose, having two codes to represent knowledge is more advantageous than just relying on one code. Visual and verbal codes of representations enable the mind to have a more vivid memory of the information or concept that needs to be recalled (Kosslyn, Ganis Thompson, 2001). For example, if I need to remember directions in going to my friend’s place in a city I am visiting for the second time, I could easily visualize the appearance of the streets, the stores in the neighborhood and the location of my friend’s house, at the same time, this picture in my head can be validated by the verbal codes of the names of the street, the signage in the stores and a landmark in the neighborhood. If I relied only on visual codes, the appearance of suburban homes in a large neighborhood would be similar and I would have difficulty ascertaining which one is my friend’s place, on the other hand, if I only used verbal codes, then I have to spend the day going around the neighborhood reading each street sign until I get to the right street. Likewise, using both verbal and visual cues aid in remembering texts and information needed to successfully pass a test or an examination. Verbal codes are words, and when we memorize concepts and information, it is by memorizing the words, phrases and even sentences and paragraphs. Visual codes refer to pictures or our mental representations of what we have seen (Neath Suprenant, 2003). I study using my notes and outline of a particular subject, I read my notes, I read the book and I found out that I seem to remember more if I visualize the position of the text as I read it, or the kind of pen I used or even the color of the paper. It helped me remember information I have missed if I rely on verbal codes alone, since we know that our capacity to remember words are very small. Moreover, I find that children and even adults learn more when they are presented with information using rich media, the use of the computer and even direct instruction uses both verbal and visual cues (Kurtz, Gentner Gunn, 1999). Spelling programs in the computer present a series of letters and the child has to arrange the letters to spell the word correctly, the word is represented by a corresponding picture and when a child is confronted with the picture, she would associate the word to it and vice versa. For adults, skills training usually are hands on, experiential or involve modeling behavior or role playing. The learners are given input or materials in text to describe, define and understand the specific skill to be learned, the teacher then demonstrates the skill, which would be committed to memory facilitating the learning of new skills (Pylyshyn, 2002). An example is the use of machinery, if the new employee works with equipment for the first time, he/she can read the manual and then tinker with the machine to see how it would work, and again the learning of skills is based on the visual operation of the machine and the verbal codes in the manual. The verbal codes serves as the guide to how the machine should be operated, while the visual codes   present in the sequence of operations like what button to press first and what knob to turn is the behavioral manifestation of successful learning of the new skill. There are instances however wherein one of the codes would be dominant and the other supports or enriches the dominant code (Neath Suprenant, 2003), for example, in remembering texts and definitions, one would rely on verbal codes, but visual codes can help in remembering what those words were. In the same way, if we have to remember a scene from a movie, visualizing the scene would be more important, but remembering what was said in that scene would help us identify what the scene was about. In conclusion, two codes are better and we need to discover how it could work together to improve memory and learning. References Kosslyn, S., Ganis, G. Thompson, W. (2001). Neural foundations of imagery. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 2: 635-642. Kurtz, K., Gentner, D. Gunn, V. (1999). Reasoning. In D.E. Rumelhart B.M. Bly (Eds). Cognitive Science: Handbook of Perception and Cognition 2nd   ed. San Diego: Academic Press, pp. 145-200. Neath, I. Suprenant, A.(2003). Human Memory. Belmont, CA., Wadswoth/Thompson Learning. Pylyshyn, Z. (2002). Mental imagery: In search of a theory. Behavioral and Brain Science, 25: 157-238.

Values Vs Social Acceptance :: Personal Narrative

Values Vs Social Acceptance Values are guidelines to the way we choose to live our lives. Values are the conceptions or ideas that act as standards for judging what is right or wrong, worthwhile or worthless, beautiful or ugly, good or bad. Values differ from person to person. For example, a forty-year old husband with four kids will more than likely have a different set of values than an eighteen-year old freshman just entering college. The freshmen’s conceptions of what is good or bad would be different than the conceptions of the married man. Due to their age difference and the difference in their responsibility, the freshmen would tend to be more party-oriented and free-spirited because he is not supporting a family of six. The married man would be less likely to be found at a bar binge drinking on a Wednesday night than the college student would be. Therefore, the married man’s values are generally more conservative than the college student, and his choice of lifestyle reflects that. My values have changed rapidly as I’ve grown from childhood, to adolescence, and through my teenage years. Many of my core values, the ones I truly live by were instilled in me by my family. I feel the University of Georgia exercises pressure on its students to alter some of their values. Here we are forced at times to change our conceptions of what’s right or wrong. I believe this is due to the pressure we feel to fit in with our peers. Peer pressure is an overpowering force that we deal with every day at the University of Georgia. Our values are ever-changing to find us a place where we feel socially secure at this huge university. As I entered the college last Spring, I brought with me some values that I truly lived up to. My values were based on Christianity and on making me a better person. On Sundays I attended church; I made good grades, and I did not drink or use drugs. My parents always told me that drugs would fry my brain, so I never even pondered the thought of using drugs. In high school I played sports and graduated with honors. My friends were great people, and we were all well-respected around our community. Everyone looked at us as the group that would succeed.

Attitude, Meaning Symbolism and Allegory Essay

Part 1: Discussion with Others on Symbolize Pool, Highway and Character Needy The â€Å"Swimmer† is one of a long familiar works of John Cheever (1964) which is illustrative of his suburban stories in which John relates individuals living by using symbolize themes such as Pool, highway, character Needy, suburbia and foreshadowing. How these symbolizes used by John Cheever to narrate his story summarize the realisms, surrealism and humoristic description of suburban life. I believe the pool is the excavation of water. But in John Cheever’s ‘the swimmer†, the pool is the subversion of the nature which represents the place of characters. Cheever relates his story that the confining nature of the suburbs is inexplicit in the approximation of the pool itself. It is the structure by which the water, the most important natural of all earthly and an essential of life is set for activities or leisure. John Cheever considers in story, the life of in the suburban as a pool of individuals that share same interest of living. In John Cheever’s story, highway is the swimming pools of his county used by Neddy Merril (369) as a means of transportation back to his house. The author point of view Needy used the pool as highway to travel from neighbor to neighbor. From pool to pool/ He travel through the dark underbody of suburbia, and discover the labor of both his and his community’s lives. The highway is the path that allows Neddy to participating his community’s lives and discovers his own life. The Character, Needy consider himself to be an adventurer or a pilgrim when he determines and continues as such even if the end of the story and his unusual decision describe near. As Neddy goes into one pool out to another, he considered himself as reborn each time, finding out that the world is not the informal place he at one time comprehended. He considered the word as a complex that place he never comprehends because of the diversity of human activities and needs. Foreshadowing and alcohol two symbolize that are important to the outcome of the story. In the Swimmer of John Cheever, the foreshadowing designated what is wrong between the realities and the surreal materialize. The author used the foreshadowing by means of the simple description everyday objects and events. For example the example pool, strange approaches storm despite the perfect sun moment the smell and signs of autumn. The author did not specify to the reader that this man getting a hallucination or something is wrong. The Swimmer of John Cheever represents the alcohol as a motif and the symbol and important to several levels. As a motif alcohol nearly likes a handshaking or a tranquilizer and polite, temporary motion. It is the main object around which all social or parties’action rotates. This is mentioned at the beginning of the story when the narrator talks about how nearly everyone â€Å"drank too much†. The alcohol gesture symbolizes an invitation to form aside reality and join others in a covering of reality. The ready find out that Neddy covering the reality and drinking was only the part of the case There may be different interpretation by the readers because each reader has his way to comprehend or understand the themes or the entire story. Certain readers amend or contrast what the author or narrator develops in his novel or book. Some readers explain things according the way he likes things to be, while others exculpate what someone has developed his story. For example there are many interpretation of the pool in the â€Å"Swimmer† of John Cheever. Part 2 I believe when you dream of water. it means the individual will be a powerful and rich man. The water defines the prosperity and tranquility of life according of certain culture. The snake defines the manhood and the fear. When some dreams of snake, means it will give a birth of boy and he will be a group leader. Falikou from another country had a different point about these dreams. In my country, when someone dreams of water means a long lasting problem which extend to whole country; wile, when someone dreams of snake defines poverty and physical distress. As far as my concern, the multiples interpretation of the same story by different readers because his reader has his believe and his culture in addition to his understanding of  the story. That why there are humorist, naturalist, surrealist, existentialist and anthropologist. These different categories of people will have different interpretation of same story. The multiple interpretations of the same story occur when different opinions of different categories of people amend or contrast the writers ‘stories, novels or books. References Cheever, J. (1964). Author of â€Å"The Swimmer† in Introduction to Fiction Poetry, Drama, and Writing. X. J. Kennedy. Dana Gioia

Automobile Industry, India Automobile Industry Essay

Following India’s growing openness, the arrival of new and existing models, easy availability of finance at relatively low rate of interest and price discounts offered by the dealers and manufacturers all have stirred the demand for vehicles and a strong growth of the Indian automobile industry. The data obtained from ministry of commerce and industry, shows high growth obtained since 2001- 02 in automobile production continuing in the first three quarters of the 2004-05. Annual growth was 16. 0 per cent in April-December, 2004; the growth rate in 2003-04 was 15. 1 per cent The automobile industry grew at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 22 per cent between 1992 and 1997. With investment exceeding Rs. 50,000 crore, the turnover of the automobile industry exceeded Rs. 59,518 crore in 2002-03. Including turnover of the auto-component sector, the automotive industry’s turnover, which was above Rs. 84,000 crore in 2002-03, is estimated to have exceeded Rs. 1,00,000 crore ( USD 22. 74 billion) in 2003-04. Automobile Dealers Network in India In terms of Car dealer networks and authorized service stations, Maruti leads the pack with Dealer networks and workshops across the country. The other leading automobile manufactures are also trying to cope up and are opening their service stations and dealer workshops in all the metros and major cities of the country. Dealers offer varying kind of discount of finances who in tern pass it on to the customers in the form of reduced interest rates. Major Manufacturers in Automobile Industry Maruti Udyog Ltd. General Motors India Ford India Ltd. Eicher Motors Bajaj Auto Daewoo Motors India Hero Motors Hindustan Motors Hyundai Motor India Ltd. Royal Enfield Motors Telco TVS Motors DC Designs Swaraj Mazda Ltd Government has liberalized the norms for foreign investment and import of technology and that appears to have benefited the automobile sector. The production of total vehicles increased from 4. 2 million in 1998- 99 to 7. 3 million in 2003-04. It is likely that the production of such vehicles will exceed 10 million in the next couple of years. The industry has adopted the global standards and this was manifested in the increasing exports of the sector. After a temporary slump during 1998- 99 and 1999-00, such exports registered robust growth rates of well over 50 per cent in 2002-03 and 2003-04 each to exceed two and- a-half times the export figure for 2001-02. Automobile Export Numbers Category1998-991998-99Passenger Car25468121478Multi Utility Vehicles26543892Commercial Vehicles1010819931Two Wheelers100002256765Three Wheelers2113851535Percentage Growth-16. 632. 8 THE KEY FACTORS BEHIND THIS UPSWING Sales incentives, introduction of new models as well as variants coupled with easy availability of low cost finance with comfortable repayment options continued to drive demand and sales of automobiles during the first two quarters of the current year. The risk of an increase in the interest rates, the impact of delayed monsoons on rural demand, and increase in the costs of inputs such as steel are the key concerns for the players in the industry. As the players continue to introduce new models and variants, the competition may intensify further. The ability of the players to contain costs and focus on exports will be critical for the performance of their respective companies. The auto component sector has also posted significant growth of 20 per cent in 2003-04, to achieve a sales turnover of Rs. 30,640 crore (US$ 6. 7 billion). Further, there is a potential for higher growth due to outsourcing activities by global automobiles giants. Today, this sector has emerged as another sunrise sector. EVEN GROWTH Opposing the belief that the growth in automobile industry has catered only to the top income-stratum of society, Growth of exports of 32. 8 % in the first three quarters of 2004-05, the fastest growth in volumes has come from commercial vehicles as against passenger cars. Between 1998-99 and 2003-04, output of commercial vehicles has grown 2. 8 times compared to the 2. 2 times increase in passenger cars. Furthermore, two-wheeler output continues to dominate the volume statistics of the sector. In 2003-04, for every passenger car turned out by the sector, there were 7 two-wheelers produced. In the two wheeler segment, there is a greater preference for motorcycles followed by scooters, with both production and domestic sales of motorcycles increasing at faster rates than for scooters in the current and previous years. However, mopeds have registered low or negative growth. Export growth rates have been high both for motorcycles and scooters.

DNA essays

DNA essays I am going to write about if Law Enforcement should team up with doctors to try and make society a safer and better place. There are three main things I am going to talk about proving a good idea: although Mary Faith ( A professor of Kansas medical center) had to say it was bad, getting DNA on newborns, therefore why would it be wrong to know your medical history. First I would like to write about how its a good idea for doctors and law enforcement to team up. Look at the potential DNA has to offer in solving a crime it is unbelievable. With the little amount needed to prove the conviction of a guilty party. There is nothing wrong with taking DNA from a criminal and keeping it on record, even if its from just a violent offender. There isnt anything immoral, or unethical if you are truly rehabilitated. Also with all knowledge of a sexual predator to be public knowledge to be known, according to Megans Law. Next I would like to put my emphasis on how good of an idea it is to take DNA from a newborn, unlike Mary. Whats wrong with taking DNA from a newborn and keeping a database, maybe and hopefully, it could deter and slow down crime in the United States. I mean DNA is everywhere in a crime scene a piece of hair, drop of blood, a piece of skin under the victims fingernails, or the semen of a male taken from a female. Its a good idea in my opinion to get a jump-start to stop crime in the next generation. Also I would like to talk about even if it was possible, which its not according to Charles Tindall, to know of a disease or a paternity result. What would be wrong with that? Personally I would like to know whom my father and or child is, or if I could have any chance of dying anytime soon. It would be great knowledge to know this kind of information in a pure society. this is a good idea it has its advantages that out way the disadvantages from the article, to ...

Subject and Object Questions Lesson Plans for ESL

Subject and Object Questions Lesson Plans for ESL Asking direct questions is usually one of the more difficult tasks for learners of English. This is principally due to the fact that English inverts its subject and auxiliary  verb in the interrogative form. Once this standard structure is learned, students need to also master the subject question. The following lower-intermediate to intermediate lesson focuses on helping students learn to recognize and employ both types of direct questions. Subject and Object Questions Lesson Plan Aim: Asking direct subject questions, recognizing the difference between subject and object questions Activity: Jumbled questions followed by question pair work employing both subject and object questions with who, what and which Level: Lower-intermediate to intermediate Outline: Activate student knowledge of asking questions by having students ask each other questions in class.If necessary, quickly go over standard question structure (? word auxiliary verb subject principle ver B) on the board in a variety of tenses. Remember to point out that the verb to be is an exception.Write a subject question such as: Who married Tom? on the board. Ask students why this question doesnt follow the standard format.Discuss the difference between a subject and object question with students. Make sure to include examples with who, what and which.Put students in pairs or small groups and ask them to complete the jumbled questions.Correct the exercise in class making sure that students have understood the difference between subject and object questions.Have students pair up and give each pair a Student A and Student B sheet.Have students complete sheets asking each other for any missing information.To follow-up ask students to write a number of subject and object questions as homework. Asking Questions Put the following words in order to make a question. Remember to conjugate the verbs and add an auxiliary verb if required. he/who/visit/last week/which/car/kind of/300 k.p.h/gohim/invite/who/dinner/to/yesterdaywhat/you/tv/buybook/they/read/which/for/classwho/ask/question/the Ask your partner questions to fill in the missing information ​ Student A _____ (who) bought a new car last week. It is a beautiful new Cadillac. He bought the car because __________ (why). My father has driven a Cadillac for many years. _____ (who) says its the kind of car that people respect. In fact, _______ (who) have always driven Cadillacs. I remember that ________ (who) used to drive a Cadillac. When my _____ (who) first met Elvis, he saw that he was driving a ________ (what). It was then that my father decided to buy a _______ (what). ​ Student B My Father bought a ______ (what) last week. It is a beautiful new _______ (what kind of car). He bought the car because he says its the best car in the world. _____ (who) has driven a Cadillac for many years. My father says its the kind of car that ________ (what kind of car). In fact, rich and famous people have always driven _____ (what). I remember that Elvis Presley used to drive a _____ (what). When my father first met _____ (who), he saw that he was driving a pink Cadillac. It was then that _________ (who) decided to buy a Cadillac.

Paraphrasing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 23

Paraphrasing - Essay Example Secondly, compare between the printed and measured resistance, which should have a small difference. The second phase is to implement the power supply for the circuit in a way that the output yields 10 volts while the other is putting out 5 volts. The experiment led to the formation of Thevenin’s circuits both connected in series and parallel by using the two DC power supply and the three resistors. The third step is to use the initial resistors by adding them to the circuit. The last phase of the experiment is to measure the open circuit voltage, the short circuit current and the equivalent resistance and to comparison of the outcomes. At the end of the experiment, there was a difference in computed and measured values and the definition of Thevenin’s theorem in equivalent for linear and resistive circuits. The purpose of the experiment is to give the credible results of resistivity test showing the importance of the lab session and the

Problems and prospects of external debt management Essay

Problems and prospects of external debt management - Essay Example However, these indigenous institutions may not always have sufficient amount of resources to fulfill all the requirements of the country. In that case, it is forced to resort to international commercial banks or international lending institutions like the IMF of the World Bank. It can also request for financial aid from the Government of its ally nations. The debtors of a country can include the national Government, the private corporations or even the individual households. Usually, external debt is borrowed in two ways: by taking loans from the lending institutions or by selling the country’s securities to acquire the required amount of funds. After the country accomplishes its projects with the help of the borrowed resources, it is required to repay the external debt along with its interest payments. Thus, external debt is actually a liability of the nation. For this reason, it is recorded under the Debit Account in the Balance of Payments (BOP) of the country. The BOP is a statement of accounts of the nation including its assets and liabilities and the outstanding credit and debit of the economy. The BOP gives an indication of the country’s position with respect to the international market. If the country has borrowed a large amount of financial resources from abroad, this will automatically add to the Debit account of the BOP. A huge burden of external debt does not reflect a good financial position of the domestic nation. Instead it indicates that financial resources generated within the economy are not sufficient to fulfill the requirements of the national Government, the private firms and the individual households. That is why; the country has to depend on external sources to finance its multifarious requirements. Economists and financial experts always advise countries to keep their external debt burden down to a minimum. Nations are expected not to borrow extra resources unless and until it becomes absolutely necessary (The World Bank, 2 012). Indicators of a Country’s External Debt Burden Apart from the Balance of Payments Statement, there are other variables which give an indication of the external debt burden of a particular country. These are: a. The Ratio of External Debt to GDP: A high value of this ratio reflects a high external debt burden of the nation. This shows that the country’s external borrowings are greater than the value of its Gross Domestic Product produced within its geographical boundaries. The financial resources generated in turn from the GDP are not being able to meet all the financial requirements within the economy. Therefore, the country has to borrow extra resources from external creditors b. The Foreign Debt to Exports Ratio: When an economy has a high ratio of foreign debt to exports, this also indicates a high external debt burden of the country. It exhibits that the nation’s borrowing from external sources is more than the value of the goods exported by the countr y. This may also reflect that the nation’s external debt liabilities are greater than its external credit earnings. The

Nike Fuel Band Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Nike Fuel Band - Essay Example Nike Fuel Bands are easy to set up as well as use, and they come in three sizes (the small, the medium or large, and the extra-large). Another feature on the wristband is a size space, which enables it to fit best. This product is also resistant to water and enjoys a long battery life (could go even for seven days) (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Nike Fuel Band has an added advantage in the sense that it comes with a free mobile application (Nike+ Fuel Band). With this application, a person is able to track progress made, turning the movement tracked into Nike Fuel points. This can be synchronized using Bluetooth wireless to view results, the high points during the day, the achievements or trophies gained, and general progress made. In summary, the Nike Fuel Band tells a person how active they are and motivates any person who desires to increase their level of activity (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Company Description Nike Fuel Band is an exclusive product of Nike, Inc. This is a corporation that is multinational and of American origin. Nike, Inc. can be rightfully termed as the leading innovator in the world when it comes to athletic footwear, equipment, apparel, and accessories. The company designs, also develops, sells, and markets its products and services throughout the world. The Nike, Inc. company has its headquarters in the county of Washington, Oregon (close to Beaverton), in the United States of America. When it was founded, it went by the name Blue Ribbon Sports. This was on 25th of January, the year 1964 by two men who were visionary and dared to be pioneers of the athletic footwear revolution. The men who brought this redefinition to the industry were Phil Knight and Bill Bowerman. The company became known as Nike, Inc. officially on 30 May 1971. The Nike acronym is taken from a Greek mythology and was ascribed to the goddess of victory (Bergh & Behrer, 2013). Nike, Inc. as a company has what it believes in and this is that any person, who has a body, can become an athlete. This underpins the company’s vision of promoting mobility, comfort, and style through its gear as a whole (footwear, accessories, equipment, and apparel). The mission statement of the company is encapsulated in bringing inspiration as well as innovation to each athlete all over the world. This commitment is evident in the new and extremely innovative methods that Nike, Inc. is using in development of athletic products that are superior (Moe & Grahn, 2012). The company also uses methods that are very creative when it comes to direct communication with consumers. Nike, Inc. has experienced dynamic expansion that includes growing strongly in China. Product Life Cycle The Product Life Cycle (PLC) is the life span of a certain product. Product Life Cycle is a theory, which has its basis on the way a product evolves. This movement takes place in four steps that are from start to the end. The first step in the process of Product Life Cycle is the introduction of a produ ct, and then moves to the stage of growth, maturity stage follows, and finally there is a decline in the sales of the product. This information is usually displayed in a Product Life Cycle Curve, which depicts the level of sales of a product against time (different phases). The Nike Fuel Band is in the growth stage of the Product Life Cycle. This is evidenced by its presence in the market and exponential growth of its sales since being introduced into the

Movie Analysis Of The Film Legion

Movie Analysis Of The Film Legion The movie opens with a scene of a vast, barren land with a womans voice on the background solemn and weary. The woman narrates about her memories of her mother constantly reminding her to always have a heart-to-heart talk with God. This was true until that moment they were left by her father (the husband). Instead, she only talks about the Apocalypse, saying that God has become tired of this crazy bullshit. The next scene is in Los Angeles, the 23rd of December 1:02 am. There is darkness filled with chaotic sounds such as sirens, the loud thunder and shattering of glass with a reflection of a bloody moon. Then came Michael, falling from the sky. He went to a dark alley, pulled an ornate knife and started peeling of his coat, revealing his wings (through shadow). He began tearing his wings from his back using the sharp knife. To tend his wounds, Michael went inside a weapon/gun/survival shop (GUN AND SPORT WORLD), killing the person guarding it from the inside. He used a fishing wire to stitch the horrendous holes on his back left by the detachment. He raced along racks and racks of guns, searching for weapons the right ones. Meanwhile, two cops, Burton and Estevez, patrols downtown in their police car (LAPD). Burton blurted how burning the streets would make him happy. A fresh start, thats what this place needs. he said. Estevez was not even finished expressing his thoughts when a loud explosion commenced almost right in front of them. Michael gradually appears from the smoke carrying two huge sports bag. He was confronted by the two cops, ordering him to drop the bags and to position his hands behind his head. Estevez slowly approached him and attempted to cuff his hands but as soon as he was near, Michael was able to grab him to be used as a human shield. Burton, while pointing the gun towards Michael and commanding him to let go of his partner, suddenly had his head shaking like mad. The now possessed Burton reminded and warned Michael that this was not the orders given to him by God and if he continues he will die together with the baby (human races only hope).Michael was able to kill the possessed c op, leaving both cops lifeless. He drove away using the police car. The movie continues with the scene showing what is going to be the main venue of the movies highlights. There is a couple of old silver trailers which looked like has not moved from the ground for a long period of time. Then, there was Jeep Hanson, bolted awake from a bad dream, covered with sweat and breathing deep. He got up from bed, stepped out of one of the trailers, gazed up to the diners roof where a large sign glows PARADISE FALLS GAS N GRUB and contemplated. Then came Charlie, a very pregnant girl who asked Jeep if he is alright and shared that she could not sleep because of the constant kicking of the baby. They had a deep conversation about how he worries about her too much even though the baby is not his. Jeep said that she can laugh like everybody else but he believes that she can be better with him and that they can raise the baby together. Charlie just kissed him on the cheek and left. It is now morning, a regular day for the keepers of the diner. Bob, the owner and Jeeps father, is shown trying to fix the TV while a black named Percy is cooking on the grill. They had a short conversation about their partnership and relationship. While on the other side of the diner, there is a beautiful girl, Audrey, seductively leaning over a jukebox. She is the epitome of rebellion. Watching their daughter move her hips to the beat, Howard and Sandra Anderson were both disgusted. The couple and the daughter had a few exchanges as to why she dressed like that and how she did not fail in answering them back every time. A black Cadillac driven by a black, Kyle, blazed the desert path. He passed a weathered road sign ENTERING PARADISE FALLS, NEXT SERVICES 50 MILES. He grabbed his cell phone only to find out that there is no signal in the area. He then spotted the diner just up the road ahead. He pulled over and got out of the car. Leaning next to the broken phones is Charlie. Kyle grabbed a crumpled hand drawn map and showed it to the very pregnant woman who was then smoking. He let out a statement that smoking is not going to do any good for the baby. Intrigued, Charlie said that she might consider quitting. Kyle asked Charlie if he is anywhere near where he is going by showing the map. Charlie said he is not even close. Jeep saw the two talking and asked if everything is alright. Charlie said that the man is just lost and needs a phone, and that was when they both entered the diner. Bob, upon seeing cigarette sticks held by Charlie, claimed that it is about time for her to quit smoking due to her condition. Charlie replied that he is not in the position to tell her that since he also smokes that heavy. Charlie then gave a pack of cigarettes to Kyle. Kyle is about to ask Bob if he can use his phone when Howard butted in to verify when will their car be fixed. Bob went out of the diner and into the mechanics bay only to find out that Jeep is not doing his job fixing the car, instead, the man is busy cleaning up a small crib for Charlies. Bob became upset and started confronting Jeep about what he is doing with his life, about his obsession towards Charlie and about his future. Bob thinks that it is time for him to leave the place. Jeep said otherwise, saying that he is constantly having dreams about Charlie and about something that he needs to do but having a hard time figuring it out. Bob told him that he had same visions when he was young, which only led him to his mediocre life right now. Bob walks back to the diner. Dark clouds form and line the horizon to the south. Jeep shifts his gaze up to the north highway. Same thing. A storm is coming. Meanwhile, back into the diner, Kyle is again about to address Bob on using the phone when something caught Bobs attention. The TV is on snow-screen. Bob gave it a final wallop and the picture snaps into the STARK GRAPHIC OF THE EMERGENCY BROADCASTING SYSTEM accompanied by its hollow tone which filled the diner. Percys old battery-powered radio did the same thing, hollow tone station after station. Kyles conversation with his son was cut off and dial tone was lost. Audrey speculated that it can be a terrorist attack. Bob calmed everyone down (especially Mrs Anderson) and speculated that this was just a line problem. A beat up Eighties Cutlass Supreme pulled off the highway and stopped abreast the pump station. An old lady stepped out of the car with her metal frame and wheels of a walker. Grandma entered the diner and ordered, commented on how unusual the name Charlie is for a girl. The old woman smiled to the Andersons and said that things will be over soon. Jeep entered the diner and quietly huddled with Bob about the cars condition. He said that he could try to fix the car but it might take time. Bob was upset about the news. Moments later, Charlie handed over the order and started having a conversation with the guest. As what seemed to be a sudden turn of event, Gladys started cursing and exclaiming that all babies should burn including Charlies. Mortified with what she heard, Sandra tried silencing Gladys but she failed, only to be called a cunt who always complain. Shocked and stirred with what Gladys has said to Sandra, Howard stood and tried making Gladys apologize for what she said. Gla dys lunges towards Howard and took a bite out of his neck which made him crumbled to the floor. Percy threw a pan to the old woman which broke her neck. Surprisingly, she is still standing, ready to assault anyone in the diner. She jumped and started walking on the wall and up to the ceiling like a lizard/crab, landed right in front of Bob, who was shooting his shotgun, slapped him, and knocked him unconscious. The shotgun clatters at Jeeps feet. Jeep snatches it and aims at grandma but cannot pull the trigger. He does not have enough courage to do so. Gladys screamed he cannot save HER and rocketed straight at him when suddenly three gunshots came from behind which knocked Gladys dead. It was Kyle with his gun. Percy, Kyle, Sandra and Audrey frantically carry Howard, his neck bandaged, to the Escalade. Kyle drove as fast as he could, hitting the gas hard. Audrey noticed the dark clouds ahead but was not sure what it was. Kyle grips the wheel, picking up speed. Suddenly, hundreds of tiny bugs begin to hit the windshield. They are not clouds, they are flies! The car then entered the swarm. Everyone is screaming. Back to the diner, Jeep is puking into a toilet bowl. Bob is tending his sored cheek. The father and son had a conversation about what happened moments ago. Jeep is hurting inside, telling his father how coward he was not being able to pull the trigger. Bob comforted his son by telling him that it was alright and that not everybody can play hero. They heard the sound of the front door chimes. Kyle, Percy, Sandra and Audrey carry Howard into the diner, all of them gasping for air. They narrated what happened on their way and Percy raced for the back to get his Bible and to start praying. A police cruiser skidded to a wild stop in front of the diner. It was Michael. Charlies face lit up when she saw the police car but froze a few feet from the car when she saw those piercing eyes of Michael. In moments, Bob, Kyle and Jeep formed a protective shield in front of Charlie. Bob raised his shotgun and demanded Michael to show his teeth. Michael let out a dangerous smile and snatched the gun from Bob, telling them that they do not have much time and possessed people like Gladys will arrive in no time. Michael distributed the weapons from the cars trunk and ordered everyone to go back inside the diner and seal the place. Everybody is clueless of what is happening. That night, two headlights appear in the darkness. An ice cream truck rolls slowly toward the diner. The eerie music emanates from the speaker on its roof. A tall figure stepped out of the van. The ice cream man is unnaturally thin. His gaze snaps up to the roof, jaw unhinges, bolts to the diner with startling speed. Michael and the men started firing. Bullets rip into the creatures body, knocking him on his back, arms and legs still twitched. Not long after, numerous headlights appear from the darkness as what seemed to be a parade of commuters. The men let loose with ferocious firepower. Explosions here and there, tires blow out, engines crash; vehicles swerve and collide with one another. Dark shapes bolt from the burning vehicles, scattering and surveying the condition of the area. They converge the diner form all directions, they move so fast it is as if their feet do not touch the ground. The men followed Michaels instructions and cut down everything in sight. Casings drop from their weapons like mad. Bodies burst and crumble to the ground. Suddenly, something got a hold of Howards body. It was torn away from Sandra. Howard screamed for help. Sandra dived for Howards stretched hands. It was a teenager about Audreys age. See what you made me do, mother!? Charlie and Audrey rushed to Sandras side. Howard screamed as his body is torturously stretched. Then, another disfigured man punched through the window, grabbed Charlies hands. Jeep came to rescue and grabbed her free arm just before shes pulled through. Without the help, Howard is ripped from his familys hands and out of the window. The dark figures started to pull back as if they had what they want. Charlie was still struggling from the rip of the creepy man when a sound of metal slashing flesh was heard. It was Michael who managed to disarm the possessed. Jeep and Charlie scooted away from the window as Michael lit up the night with successive firepower. After the incident, Bob demanded some explanation of what was going on. Michael told them that this is extermination; that the weakest willed are the easiest to turn. Those people were possessed by angels. Percy pointed out what he knows is that angels are the good guys, followed by a statement from Bob that he does not even believe in God. Michael said that their beliefs do not matter right now as the only thing that matters is the safety of Charlies baby. This intrigued Charlie, saying that she is just a regular waitress not worthy of any saving. The fallen angel stressed the fact that she bears the child who is the only hope for mankind, the Messiah. Either your child lives or Mankind dies, he said. They guarded from the roof in shifts of two. Percy and Kyle were first. They had a conversation about Percy being in army for two tours and about the gun Kyle used to kill grandma. They were surrounded with coldness. Percy let out a memory when he was a kid, when his father used to remind him to be happy and be satisfied with life until the very last day. Meanwhile, in the kitchen, Bob was cooking while Sandra stared blankly at her prescriptions. Bob, noticing how distressed Sandra is, offered a can of beer. Sandra politely accepted it and sipped a little, reminded her of Howard and how he was the beer drinker in the family. Sandra burst to tears. Jeep and Michael had a conversation about everything going on and about Michaels past. Michael narrated that he was once the general of His army and that his love and hope for mankind has not yet lessened. Jeep questioned Michael as to why he continued believing in mankind. He shared that he had witnessed mankind abuse the gift given to them through wars and killings. He also shared how he saw some people not lose hope which Some people, realize that being lost is so close to being found. He said that Jeep is one of those people, that Jeep is one of the reasons he is doing this right now. Michael headed for the roof, left Jeep staring after him, deep in thought. There is a faint glint of sunlight, the 24th of December. Michael is searching the horizon for movement. Sandra awakened, heard the voice of Howard calling her. Sandra rushed to the back door, pushed the tables blocking her way out. Kyle tried to stop Sandra but her determination and longing to see her husband helped her knock the black man, hit his head on the table. Audrey tried to do the same thing but was pushed back. Percy came to get a hold of the hysterical woman who managed to get out and was just a few feet away from the nailed husband. Suddenly, Howards body, covered with boils and pustules, exploded, shooting acidic juice around him. Percy was able to shield Sandra by making an about-face while holding her tightly. They managed to go back inside the diner. He came to a stop and fell, revealing the whole back side of his body, melted by the acid. Percy just died in front of Bob. Bob was so devastated by the death of his friend. Tears fell from his eyes. Meanwhile, a scene showed Sandra being tied by Bob and Michael. In a booth, Audrey watched as her mother is being restrained. She returned her attention to Percys radio, tuning, trying to find something in the static. After a while, she called everyones attention as she finely tuned the radio for the hint of a voice. It was a broadcast about a resistance formed against the possessed people on the outskirts of Las Vegas, also in Red Rock National in the northern Mojave Desert area. Michael countered everyones belief that they can head to Red Rock National for refuge, saying it is too risky to leave. Charlie stood at the sink, filled her lungs with smoke from the cigarette. She caught a look at herself in the mirror, run her hand along the curvature of her belly. Tears welled up in her eyes. Jeep and Charlie had a conversation about her not willing to give birth to the Messiah, about Jeeps unconditional love towards her and how she did not like the entire thing. Jeep left her in hurt and frustration, telling her to let him know if she is done feeling sorry for herself. Audrey and Kyle are bundled on the roof together, keeping watch. Kyle was teaching Audrey on how to hold a gun. Kyle was surprised, it is as if Audrey has been holding one all her life. Audrey stared to the red nothingness surrounding them. Then she shared why their family was on their way to Scottsdale. She told him that her parents believed that a more wholesome place would help her change her ways. The conversation turned into passionate kissing and touching. Then all of a sudden, the diner came back to life. The jukebox started filling the room with music, TV glowed with bright rolling static and the electric fans started spinning. After a moment, headlights appear on the highway. A Family Minivan stopped at the pump. A man jumped out of the car and, seeing that the coast is clear, raced around to the gas pump. Then an army of dark shades swarmed in fast. Kyle and Audrey tried all their might to warn the family about the trap but were too late. The man was bitten; splats of blood filled the vans windows. The mother and son frantically avoided the grips of the creatures. Kyle makes a desperately courageous play. He leaps onto the roofs sloped overhang sliding fast he drops to the ground in front of the diner. Kyle charges the dark mob. Creatures peel away from the woman and boy to confront Kyle head-on. He lets loose with a rain of bullets. He closes in on the family, blasting back the creatures huddled around them. He finds the young boy curled up with his hands protectively covering his face. Kyle swoops down and gathers the boy into his arms. Kyle moves on to the mother. But something odd is happening. Kyles throat is torn out. Kyle drops to his knees. Up on the roof, Audrey watches helplessly as Kyle falls. Out the window they see Audrey drop down from the roof and run towards Kyle. The boy moves toward Audrey, stepping over Kyles body. Audrey backs away. She looks toward the entrance to the diner. Theyre everywhere. Shes trapped. She notices the open door to the Minivan. And so she bolts. Audrey dives into the car as the throng of creatures ra pidly closes in. She hammers the auto door lock. She moves to the center of the car as gruesome faces press against the windows. With stunning calm, Michael marches straight for the pumps. In the minivan, Audrey screams as the windows begin to crack. Michael grabs a gas pump, flips the lever and points it at the minivan. The creatures covering the car turn to look at Michael. And thats when he starts spraying gas at them. Up comes Michaels gun in his other hand and shoots the spray of gas turning it into a spray of fire. The minivan is engulfed in flames. Bursting out of flames, Michael marches confidently into the diner. Jeep slams the door closed just as the wall of fire reaches them. Michaels clothes are a smoky, smouldering mess. Jeep and Bob rush to pat him down. Charlie dashes behind the counter to the sink. She fills up a pitcher of water. The young boy with the lifeless white eyes stands before her wielding an enormous butchers knife. The boy swings the knife at her, slicing open the waitress outfit covering her pregnant belly. Charlie tumbles back to the ground behind the counter. She frantically pushes herself away from the approaching boy. The boy instinctively raises his hands to strike again, but theres no knife. Charlie watches in horror as the boy calmly realizes that his thumbs are missing. Charlie pulls her legs in close then rockets them out at the boys chest. Hes catapulted away from her. Michael leaps over the counter, landing in front of Charlie, guns ready for action. But the boy is gone. Jeep and Bob whip up their guns as Michael throws the wicked creature into the air. Audrey helps Charlie to her feet. She winces. Charlie, drenched in sweat is writhing on the ground with Michael holding down her arms and Audrey kneeling bet ween her legs. Pots of steaming water surround them. Charlies screaming rises up from below. A deep, long, rumbling tone rising up off the plain, as if emanating from the largest horn ever constructed. Michael reacts to the sound. Urgency comes over him. Audrey arrives with more steaming water. Charlie pushes, tears streaming down her face, delirious with pain. Jeep and Bob watch helplessly as the army of creatures has closed within a hundred yards of the diner. Their ranks stretch back seemingly without end into the darkness. Jeep rests a comforting hand on his fathers shoulder. Bob pulls his son close and hugs him with all his might, tears filling his eyes. Audrey places the child in Charlies arms. She stares at the baby, holding it at a distance, unsure of whether to embrace it or be terrified by it. A commitment shes not yet ready to make, even at this late hour. Off Charlies look, we move across the diner where Audrey approaches her mother, kneels down in front of her. Despite how much her mother pisses her off, it breaks her heart to see her in such a demoralized state. Audrey moves to hand over the baby to Charlie. Sandra springs out of the chair an snatches the baby from Audreys arms. Sandra backs away from them, moving toward the front door. Hers is the face of madness. A brilliant spectral light pours into the diner. Sandra is blinded. She raises a hand to block the light. And thats when Michael fires. Sandra staggers back, blood dripping from the hole in her forehead, and the baby goes flying from her hand. Charlie screams and everything suddenly goes very quiet. Jeep dives for the baby, catching the bundle of rags mere inches from the ground. And then he looks up to see the dark silhouette of a man approaching from out of the spectral light a man with wings. Jeeps eyes grow wide as the fierce angel steps into the diner. This is a creature built for war. His body armour making him appears disturbingly insect-like. His wings are not feathery or gentle. Rather they are hard, mechanical, an organic machine. The angels wings retract with clockwork-like precision. Gabriel flies into a wall in an attempt to crush Michael. He fails that but succeeds in leaving a massive dent. Gabriel runs/flies for the opposite wall. This one doesnt hold and the two enemies crash through it into the bathroom. Unbelievably Michael is still holding on. Gabriel is up. He thrusts himself back into the bathroom mirror. It shatters painfully behind Michael. Gabriel rages out of the bathroom and into the diner. Michael continues to ride him like a wild bull. Gabriel slams Michael into a wall once more. Its a brutal struggle. Gabriel spots his mace sticking out of the wall within arms reach. He grabs it, holding it futilely in front of him. Gabriels strength is giving w ay. Michael is winning. Gabriel lets out a tremendous roar and plunges one of the maces long spikes into his own stomach. Michaels eyes go wide with surprise, his grip loosens. Gabriel has run them both through. Gabriel rips the mace from his body and stumbles forward. Blood pours from a huge hole in Michaels chest right through his heart. Gabriel looks down at the hole in his own belly not nearly as bad as Michaels. Michael falls to his knees weakening. Gabriel looms over Michael. Michael looks up at him, blood leaking from his mouth. Gabriel watches as the last of the writing fades from Michaels body when he hears a faint clicking sound from somewhere in the diner. Gabriel moves gracefully through the destroyed diner, toward the source of the clicking. He steps behind the counter and finds Bob lying in a massive pool of blood. It takes the creature a moment to realize that the clicking sound is coming from Bobs lighter. Bob is focusing every last ounce of life in his body to lighting that lighter. Bob looks at Gabriel. And with one last brush of his thumb, Bobs trusty lighter ignites. Gabriels eyes go wide as the tiny flames dance in front of the stoves broken gas line. Gabriel spins and runs like hell as the gas explodes. Jeep tries to hide his pleasure that the tables have turned at least a little. Charlie is about to respond when Audrey leans in from the back seat. Gabriel smashes down on the cruisers roof with massive force. Jeep grabs the gun and fires wildly up at the roof. Gabriel takes a direct hit in the thigh, causing him to slide off the roof and onto the trunk where he grabs a hold of the rear window frame for support. Audrey desperately tries to load a flare while avoiding Gabriels grasp. Jeep cant get off another shot without the risk of hitting Audrey. Gabriel is almost entirely in the car now. Audrey swings the flare gun toward Gabriel, but he knocks her hand aside just as she pulls the trigger and the flare goes off inside the car. Gabriel lunges over the passenger seat, grasping for Charlie, his ferocious hand only inches from her and the baby. Audrey leaps onto Gabriel, pulling him away from Charlie just in time. He flails wildly about but this young girl rides him like one hell of a cowboy. Jeep slams on the breaks, sending Gabriel and Audrey shooting forward through the windshield like bullet. The intertwined bodies of Gabriel and Audrey hit the road with a sickening crunch and roll into a ball of fire. Charlie, the baby bundled in her hands, leads Jeep away from the demolished cruiser. They are only a few steps from the edge of the ridge when Gabriel rockets up in front of them. Jeep pushes her and the baby out of the way just as Gabriel comes down hard in front of them, kicking up a cloud of dust. Gabriels mechanical wings haltingly retract. The crash has done some serious damage. Much of his skin has burned away. Gabriel is about to launch the finishing move when a ray of light blinded him as a creature descended from the heavens. It was Michael. Gabriel, pissed and agitated, launched an all-out attack to Michael with his rotating mace. After all, Michael was the General, countering the attack was a piece of cake. He managed to slice Gabriels stomach, rendering him immobile. Michael said that its enough and God has already seen what he needed. Gabriel took flight, leaving Michael and the newly-formed family behind. Michael took flight not long after, left them a message that the child is now their responsibility and that they would have to teach him all the goodness in the world. The last scene depicts a happy family, with a womans voice on the background just like in the opening, narrating that the birth of HER son marks the start of a new beginning for humanity. ~FIN~ B. CHARACTER ANALYSIS I. ARCHANGEL MICHEAL (Paul Bettany) The commander of The Army of God; defender of faith and of the church. In the movie, he abandoned his seat in heavens (thus a fallen angel) to follow what he believed. He believed that mankind can still change for the better and that people will someday understand one another. God lost his faith in mankind, he did not. Im saying this is extermination. Those things out there are vessels. The Possessed. The weakest willed are the easiest to turn. This, explained in brief by Michael, shows how he is very familiar with the situation on contrary with the other characters. Knowing the situation, he is the only character fully prepared for what is coming. Well thats just fine, Bob, he doesnt believe in you either. This shows how well he knows Him, how he can speak for Him. After all, he is the General of His army and he can easily listen to what Gods heart has to say (though in the movie, they are not allowed to). Listen. I simply dont care what you people believe. And those things outside, they dont care either. They just want the child dead. Now, this first attack was a test of our strength. The next will be a test of our weakness. Now we can sit here and discuss it Or you can try to help me. This shows his sense of urgency and leadership and how ready he is to protect what/who needs to be protected. When God chose your kind as the object of his love. I was the first in all of heaven to bow down before you. This tells us how Michael truly loves humankind and how honoured he was to serve in accordance to Gods will. No, Im following my own orders now. Depicts the rebellious act / change of heart of Michael to protect humanity against the Apocalypse. II. JEEP HANSON (Lucas Black) A selfless man, who is constantly having some nightmares about Charlie. After being left by his mother, Jeep decided to stay with his father in a deserted place. He was, somehow, the driving force of his father (Bob Hanson) to stay strong and sane after all of the wrong decisions he had made in life. He is a perfect example of a hopeful human being. Must know something I dont? Another bad dream..? Youre the only thing I like to worry about. Shows how caring and worried he is towards Charlies condition. I could help you. We could do it together. I want toà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ This line tells us how willing Jeep is to take responsibility of Charlies even if the child is not his own flesh and blood a statement that points out how selfless Jeep is and how he loves Charlie unconditionally. Look. I know it doesnt make much sense to you. Sometimes it doesnt make much sense to me either. Ive been having these dreams about her. Some of them so badà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ I wish Id never have to sleep again. I just feel like its something I got to do. In this line, Jeep expresses his strong belief that he is doing the right thing, and he is doing what needs to be done though he cannot truly explain what that thing is. As uncertain as he is, he insists on doing what he believes and no one can stop him from doing so (even Charlie). III. CHARLIE (Adrianne Palicki) The troubled pregnant woman, who self-pities and blames herself for all the time she has lost for herself. She considers herself capable of nothing and is of no importance. Youre worried about a girl thats eight months pregnant and it isnt your baby. Its enough to give anybody nightmares. This line shows how unappreciative she is towards those people who love and care for her. Why cant she just be thankful? Bob, see where Im at right now? Can my condition really get any worse? One of the lines that show how pretty good Charlie is in putting down herself. She considers her pregnancy as a condition she is neither proud nor happy about. For her, it was all a mistake Wait just a minute. This cant be happening. Im nobody, Im just a waitress. I dont even own a car. The text explains it all. What makes you think I can do that? What makes you think I want to do that? If hes so important, why dont you take him? After the baby was born, she did not care. It was the fruit of her mistakes. It was even hard for her to look at the baby. Well, her view towards life changes at the end of the movie, so pretty much reality has sank in and lived happily with Jeep. C. REFLECTION It is pretty fascinating to think how God has just given up and lost faith to humanity. He, of all the beings, should know that as humans, we are prone to committing the extremes becoming very disobedient or very beneficial to one another. HE has given us free will, and we have used it. I think when you give someone freedom to do whatever he/she wants to do, then you would have to accept his course of action. But then again, religion would counteract this with the concept of grace which we would have to live in His grace. The movie depicted how people turned against one another the weakest willed being possessed, becoming more powerful and less prone to death than the willed ones. So, why did He not do the other way around possessing the willed ones to kill the weakest willed to wipe them all out? Why did He just not nuke all the sinful places and bless the faithful ones? I think God wanted to give us a chance thanks to Michael; the Messiah was introduced to the world unharmed. It took a one hell of a catastrophe and a fallen angel to make people realize what has been in front of us ever since but dont know how to utilize peace. To conclude, man is born naturally good. It is up to him to stay good or defy what has been written. We just have to be

The Genocide of the Chiricahua Indian Tribe Essay -- Apache Indians Na

The Genocide of the Chiricahua Indian Tribe United States history is taught in public schools from the time we are able to understand its importance. Teachings of honorable plights by our forefathers to establish this great nation are common. However, specific details of this establishment seem to slip through the cracks of our educational curriculum. Genocide by definition is the deliberate and systematic destruction of a racial, political or cultural group. The Chiricahua Indian Tribe of the American southwest and northern Mexico suffered almost complete annihilation at the hands of the American policy makers of the late nineteenth century, policy makers that chose to justify their means by ignoring their own tyrannical ways. It has been discovered that Apaches in the late 1800s were reported to exist in four separate bands, or clusters of rancherias, although how far back in time the division occurs is unknown (Griffen 5). The native name for the easternmost band was the Chihene, or "red painted people"; they were also known as Victorio, Mangas Coloradas, and Loco Apaches after the Spanish names of important leaders. To the south and west were the Chokonen or "Rising Sun People". These people were often called Central Chiricahua, True Chiricahua, and Cochise Apaches. North and west of the Chokonen were the Bedonkohe, "In Front at the End People" sometimes called the Geronimo Apaches. The southernmost Chiricahua band was the Ndeinda, "enemy people". They were also called the Nedni and Nednai, Southern Chiricahua, Pinery, and Bronco Apaches (Cole 10). These names differ among some scholars, but the majority of them can agree consistently on at least four bands, even if the names are different. Apache history is rich in custom, tradition, and worship of an all powerful supernatural force known as "The Power". Although accounts are different, after the creation of the world, "White Painted Woman" was created by Ussen. This supernatural female was the most important figure in Chiricahua religious belief. She was at once the progenitor of the Chiricahua people, the symbol of female activity and life, and the sponsor of all that was peaceful and gentle in human relationships. According to Chiricahuas, it was White Painted Woman who befriended the G’an, thus winning the sponsorship of the Apaches in a world filled with dangerous forces. ... ...ught more widely in American public schools to better understand how the southwest was and how it became to be. Tyranny in American history would be too controversial for the majority of the population; easier dealt with by not addressing it. It is also true that accounts of what actually happened differ among many scholars. Since the Apaches do not like to speak of the dead, their side of the story is difficult to obtain, and many American officers of the Army are too quick to gain recognition for things they did concerning the Chiricahuas. Finally, it is important to point out that it was the white man that invaded the Indian territory. The pride of the Chiricahuas would not allow this to happen, even though they knew their defeat was inevitable; it was Apache way. Works Cited Cole, D.C. The Chiricahua Apache 1846-1876: From War to Reservation. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press,1988. Griffen, William B. Apaches at War and Peace: The Janos Presidio 1750-1858. New Mexico: University of New Mexico Press, 1988. Sweeney, Edwin R. Cochise: Chiricahua Apache Chief. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, Publishing Division of the University, 1991.

Jury Nullification

I  certify that  the attached  paper,  which was  produced for  the class identified above, is my original work and has not previously been submitted by me or by anyone else for any class. I further declare that I have cited all sources from which I used  language, ideas and information,  whether quoted  verbatim or paraphrased, and that any and all assistance of any kind, which I received while producing this paper, has been acknowledged in the References section.This paper includes no  trademarked material, logos, or images from the Internet, which I do not have written permission to include. I further agree that my name typed  on the line below is intended to have, and shall have the same validity as my handwritten signature. Student's  signature (name typed here is equivalent to a signature):    Debra Bush, Sherrolyn Newel, and John Sydney Abstract This paper will focus on race-based jury nullification as one of the remaining barriers to racial equality in the American system of justice.The paper will also focus on examples of past and present-day race-based jury nullification and shows how the exercise of race-base jury nullification is an ongoing source of controversy in American life. The controversy emanates from a lack of direct goals within the system. Finally, the paper will conclude by indicating that because of racial biases or motives, a jury may not always vote according to the facts presented. Jury Nullification Jury nullification is a jury that believes that a defendant is guilty of charges but on his or her own reason decide a non-guilty verdict.The jurors believe that the law is unjust and refuses to convict an individual even if there is proof of guilt. The reason can involve the jurors view on unjustness and injustice because of the race of the individual. Nullification is very controversial when it concerns race. Supporters of race-based nullification believe that black juries should acquit Black defendants for no n violent offense even when the evidence of guilt is clear (Cato, 1999). Supporters believe that Black American should participate in race-based jury nullification to bring changes in how justice handles minority cases (Jermal, 1997).Supporters believe that the system is set to arrest Blacks for economic crimes and allow child molesters, rapist, and murders go free. This injustice takes a toll on minorities and the faith they have in the criminal justice system. Several examples of race base nullification include * Harriett Tubman guilt of multiple Federal charges by violating Federal slave laws * Drug possession cases that involve three strike a person is out sentence. A third felony will grant a life sentence.Jury for nullification believe a harsh sentence is unjust than violating the act of the law * In Albany, N. Y. 11 white decided that an African American was guilty of distributing cocaine. The 12th juror, an African American, refused to convict because the juror was sympathet ic to African American who struggle to make a living * An all black jury acquitted an African American man accused of murder. The majority decided the man was guilty but returned a not guilty verdict Supporters for race-based jury nullification want fairness concerning laws for minority groups.Raced-based jury nullification hinges on two truths: (a) a juror cannot convict on a verdict that the renders, and (b) the Fifth Amendment concerning double jeopardy when the system cannot retry a defendant. Supporters for race-based jury nullification believe race is a strong factor for the high numbers of acquittal in criminal cases. Race-based jury nullification, as one would say, is a long time thorn in the side of both prosecutors and defense attorneys. Jury nullification is simply a jury who believes the defendant is guilty of the charges but for his or her own reasons decided to handout a non-guilty verdict (Rivera, 2006).Jury nullification can take many forms. For example, race-based j ury nullification may take the form of race, religion, and in some cases gender. However, based on the Cato Policy Report the nullification rest solely on the race of the defendant (Rivera, 2006). A strong supporter of race-based jury nullification is Paul Butler a graduate from Yale with a J. D. from Harvard and is currently a law professor at George Washington University. Butler believes that â€Å"Black juries should acquit black defendants for nonviolent offenses even when the evidence of guilt is clear† (Cato, 1999).On the surface, this may seem like the right thing to do after so many years of abuse by the system toward Blacks; but race-based jury nullification goes against everything the justice system stands for. Many jurors are using race nullification as a way of redemption for the years of the imprisonment of Blacks just because of their race. In 1991, a visiting Jewish scholar, Yankel Rosenbaum, suffered a fatal stab wound in Brooklyn by a black mob outraged that a Black youngster had been run over and killed by a religious Jewish motorcade. Rosenbaum lived long enough to identify Lemrick Nelson Jr. s the stabber, but a largely black jury did not convict Nelson. Later, some jury members went partying with Nelson to celebrate the acquittal. Nelson subsequently moved to Georgia, where he received a conviction for slashing a schoolmate (Leo, 1995). Another famous case called the most outre case of race-based jury nullification was the trial of Marion Barry, the second-term mayor of the District of Columbia. Barry received a conviction for drug possession and perjury, despite that he was obviously guilty of at least one of the 14 charges–he smoked cocaine on FBI videotape. Black prosecutors wanted their office to lose its case.The theory was that prosecution of Barry was another racist act by the law. Barry received a conviction on one of the 14 charges pending against him – a misdemeanor charge for possessing cocaine in November 1 989. Jurors acquitted him of one of the other charges – of possessing cocaine in September 1988. On the other 12 charges, jurors were so deeply and passionately divided they could not reach a verdict. â€Å"I believe the government was out for Marion Barry,† one juror said. U. S. District Judge Thomas Penfield Jackson declared a mistrial on the 12 deadlocked charges (Washington Post).Barry eventually received a sentence of six months in prison in October 1990. Professor Andrew Leipold wrote in the Virginia Law Review view â€Å"That in his opinion the doctrine of nullification exerts more influence over the criminal justice system than one may expect. He argues that jury nullification imposes costs on the system even when it is not exercised; because of procedural rules, permit its possible use by a jury (O’Neill). Jurors must perform their duties properly and justly. They must take the situation seriously and must not make a decision based on their personal be liefs, but instead base their decision on the facts presented.Jury nullification is certainly a controversial topic that has many critics, especially those who claim that such an approach is disrespectful to the letter of the law. Because of these principles, The Fully Informed Jury Association came into existence in 1989 with the goal of protecting and publicizing the right of juries to nullify (Lal). This is not to say that there is anything wrong with allowing Latino or African American communities to deliver judgment matters according to his or her own standards, especially when the traditional criminal justice system certainly has done the American community an unequal disservice.The justice system is set up to be fair and impartial to all people. Although the system is set up to be fair, race-based nullification goes against these ideals. Nullification comes with many flaws one of which is incarcerate the innocent and set the guilty free. Conclusion The team examined the issue s of race-based jury nullification and concluded that external factors such as race, religion, or gender are ongoing sources of controversy in the American system of justice.The team believes that although some critics applaud the practice that a jury, as a symbol of law should represent diverse community interests and that no single set of values or biases control decision making. As a consequent, the team opposes race-based jury nullification on the premise that persons selected as trier of facts should demonstrate to society that persons charged of criminal wrongdoing are guilty on the basis of evidence presented.Although the team opposes such practice, the team also realizes that public respect and trust for persons selected as trier of facts will remain high within the American system of justice.